A634.9.5.RB_RuggerioSteven

Studying Ethics: Learning, Growing...and Changing!

The first sentence I highlighted within our course textbook was “Answers that depend on a single piece of evidence will always be inadequate” (LaFollette, 2007).  Entering this semester, I knew my system of beliefs would be challenged.  As a Christian leader, the principles that guide my life are founded upon biblical principles and the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.  Saying that is the easy part; there is a depth and a breadth to character that must be explored, evaluated…tested. 

This Ethics course guided me in that endeavor.  It required me to present more evidence on what I believe.  At the conclusion of this class, I still anchor my life on the Bible and desire to represent Christ in an honest, truthful way.  However, now I’ve also accumulated an ethical philosophy that has strengthened my morality and focused my actions.

I learned many lessons in this class.  Three key topics were:  eating, biases, and self-reflection.  Week six landed on my lap like a lead weight.  When Singer spoke of our eating habits, the convicting light of truth shone on my heart.  I was ignorant about food production and didn’t listen when people spoke of GMO and farm factories.  However, after studying and discussing the “ethics of what we eat” I stopped and began listening.

As a result, we have changed our eating habits.  Today we research our food, buy organic, and have placed eating and food production on our radar.  Ignorance in no longer acceptable.  I’ve bought products from Food Matters, watched the DVD Food, Inc., and have pitched in with a friend to buy a juicing machine. 

Unfortunately, in church settings, food is often ignored.  People rarely discuss gluttony and focus on more “hurtful” actions.  As a leader in the church, I believe this class has motivated me to address this area in people’s lives and the unhealthy lifestyles that accompany it.  Obesity destroys as many (or more) lives than blatant immorality.  Before I can speak to others though, I must implement the changes in my life.  Step one is underway.

The second lesson is in the area of biases.  LaFollette (2007) said, “Since we are prone to interpret our own behavior favorably, most of us are inclined to excuse it, while, if someone else acts the same way, we take offense.  Bias makes us more likely to act immorally” (p. 206).  Sadly, many people who regularly attend church are labeled as judgmental hypocrites.  We are often our own worse enemy in confirming these labels.  This class has reminded me of the power of bias.  While I’ve always expected bias to influence how I view people, too often I let it happen without question. 

Sometimes merely identifying and discussing our propensity to judge someone can shake reality into our lives.  One of the greatest benefits of this course has been evaluating my own motivations and interpretations.  Which, leads me to my third key lesson: focusing more on my motives and my life rather than trying to interpret and evaluate others actions.

LaFollette (2007) said, “Focusing mostly on ourselves and what we can do, we are more likely to make a serious moral difference” (p. 209).  Too many leaders are falling to immorality because they fail to evaluate the motives and selfish desires that rise up within them.  As I mentioned earlier, to make a lasting difference in other people, one must first experience a difference and transformation in their own life. 

Speaking from personal experience, I would never ask someone to go where I haven’t, do what I don’t, nor risk what I am unwilling.  Leading the way means first leading yourself. 

Reflect on your perceived value of this course.

This class has strengthened my ability to self reflect and make the necessary adjustments in my attitude, beliefs, and convictions.  Too often, ethics and character development are relegated to a few short videos and a CEO message.  True change requires effort.  This nine-week course has pushed me to evaluate who I am and ensure my actions are aligned with my professed values.

Ethical training is not a program designed merely to guard a company against immoral activities; but rather, an initiative that encourages a standard of behavior that represents excellent conduct, integrity, and service.  This course should be taught to all managers, leaders, and supervisors.  Focusing solely on job tasks and duty responsibilities may cause employees to disregard ethics as a crucial element in the success of an organization; not to mention, the growth and maturity of their own character.

Include both positive and negative aspects of your experience.

The positive aspects of this course far outweighed any negative elements.  One of my favorite aspects of this class was that it focused on real life issues.  It discussed sexual harassment, gun control, the death penalty, and racism: relevant issues with abundant headlines.  It covered the subjects that leaders must discuss regardless of the difficulty.  The direction of our society lies in the leadership of its people.  Ignoring hot topics can only make the situation worse.

The negative aspect of this course is not reserved solely for this course.  In two years I’ll turn 50.  Which means, I have full grown children and a 2-year old grandchild.  Active and adventurous, my family likes to spend a lot of time together.  We like to go new places and travel to other cities.  Moreover, as a leader at the church, there are more appointments than time.  Taking classes requires a lot of time. 

Balancing the demands of life with school assignments can be very difficult.  At the end of the day, I hope the trade-off (family vs homework) prove worthwhile.

What might you have done to improve your learning experience?

The train dilemma exercise initiated deep discussions with my family, coworkers, and pastor.  In the process it helped me understand the wide array of thought processes and priorities that people follow.  By acting as ethical interviewer and recoding the results, I realized I learned more. 

To be sure, the initial assignment evaluated my ethical values and principles; however, as I began asking others, having the deep discussions, weighing the consequences of their choices with mine, I began to understand what LaFollette (2007) meant when he said, “We should identify the consequences of our actions for others, for ourselves, and for the people we will become” (p. 7).

How might the University or your instructor provide additional support for your learning?

The instructors at ERAU understand the importance of digesting and applying the principles and goals of the leadership curriculum.  While the reading and writing are extensive, the course material coupled with the discussions and videos combine to create an interactive learning experience that immerses students in conceptual leadership theory.  The lack of mid term and final exams should encourage other universities to consider new teaching techniques that focus more on mastery and application than rote memorization.

As I mentioned earlier, one of the assignments that continues to be discussed is the train dilemma.  Short of providing more scenario-based assignments that challenge students to evaluate their own—and others—ethical views, the class covered more than I could have expected.

  

Were there topics covered that seem particularly relevant or irrelevant to your experiences and to what you expect to come in future courses?

Again, at the sake of sounding redundant, the course material was relevant, applicable, and challenging.  Pulling assignments from today’s headlines empowered me (and other students) with one of the leadership essentials: relevance.  Examining the effects of race, sex, power, money, and health requires students to evaluate where they stand on issues; and more importantly, how that stance will influence followers.

Steve

Reference

LaFollette, H. (2007). The practice of ethics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing

A634.8.3.RB_RuggerioSteven

 Guns: Rights, Responsibilities, and Ruin

Do citizens have a right to bear arms?

The battle over a citizen’s right to buy and own guns is as divided today as it has ever been.  On one side of the issue, there are those who believe the Second Amendment applies as it is written and wholly supports their right to “keep and bear arms.”  On the other side of the issue are those who attribute the rising crime rates and the violent shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School, Columbine High School, and Virginia Tech as directly attributed to loosely applied gun laws.  LaFollete (2007) said, “Many of us assume we must either oppose or support gun control.  Not so.  We have a range of alternatives” (p. 179).  Each American citizen must review the facts, understand the context of the laws, and wrestle with their own core beliefs on morality and its administration toward a free society.  Then, and only then, will society be equipped to make educated and objective decisions about the growing concern of gun rights within our country.

Glenn Beck (2013), an avid supporter of gun rights, wrote in his book Control: Exposing the Truth About Guns, “The Founders wrote in the Second Amendment that our right to keep and bear arms ‘shall not be infringed.’ To infringe means to ‘limit or undermine’” (p. xiv).  When drafting the Virginia Constitution, Thomas Jefferson said, “No free man shall ever be debarred the use of arms” (Jefferson Monticello, n.d.).  Moreover, Jefferson continues by stating his strongest reason making this declaration is, as a last resort, to protect themselves against tyranny in government. 

In 2013, when people speak of tyrannical governments and conspiracy theories, they are quickly cast aside as “out of touch.”  However, the moment we begin to believe that there can never be, nor will ever be; a government seeking to control its people, then democracy weakens.  While the right to bear arms to counter a tyrannical government is one motivation to own guns, there are many others.  The predominant reason and LaFollette (2007) mentions it as well, is the right to safety.  He said, “Pro-gun supporters offer empirical evidence supporting the claim that guns prevent crime.  The idea is simple: most criminals want to minimize their risks when committing a crime” (p. 189). 

Keeping guns out of the hands of criminals is a national effort.  Removing guns from every will be a national catastrophe.  LaFollette (2007) said, “Some gun control advocates imply that strict gun laws would all but eliminate murder, while some gun advocates imply that having a gun in every home would virtually end crime. Both claims are unfounded” (p. 189).  The public should understand, gun owners do not want to arm criminals any more than the gun control lobbyist.

A new poll by Republican pollster Frank Luntz reveals that NRA members and other Americans who own guns strongly support a sensible approach to gun laws that balances personal freedoms with measures to keep illegal guns out of the hands of criminals. The poll finds that both NRA members and non-NRA gun owners support various reforms the bi-partisan coalition of Mayors Against Illegal
Guns has called on Congress to enact.  For example, 69% of NRA members and 85% of non-NRA gun owners support requiring criminal background checks on all purchasers at gun shows (Mayors Against Illegal Guns, 2013). 

Again, the challenge for gun advocates is to engage in bipartisan efforts to remove guns from the hands of criminals.  Working alongside law enforcement and gun control lobbyist is the first step in protecting the citizen’s right to keep and bear arms.

Present the opposing side to your stance

On the other side of the aisle, frustration mounts.  Gun control advocate, Geoffrey Canada (2013) of Harlem Children’s Zone said, “I simply cannot believe that James Madison and the members of the first U.S. Congress could envision, much less condone, the savage slaughter of innocents that is being politically enabled by the so-called defenders of the Second Amendment.  I understand sportsmen want their rifles.  I even understand -- though disagree with -- fearful citizens who want to keep a gun to defend their home.  But I cannot understand how anyone can advocate for the easy availability of deadly weapons.  I have seen enough angelic faces at rest in tiny caskets to make any argument about the unrestricted rights of gun owners’ moot (para. 6)”

Along those same lines, LaFollette (2007) said, “There is a positive correlation between murder rates and the availability of guns (especially handguns)” (p. 189).  Moreover, “the more widely available guns are, the more people will be murdered, will commit suicide, and will die of accidents” (p. 188).  The fears are real and the facts hit home. The death of one child, one family member is too many.  The rise in school shooting and public facilities has generated most of the anger toward the guns.   Again, the feeling are genuine and the answer lies somewhere between gun control and gun advocates. 

When referring to guns, the primary issue is handguns.  The evidence shows that handguns are disproportionately used in homicides and in robberies.  Although there are approximately three times as many long guns as handguns in the US, more than 80% of gun homicides and 90% of gun robberies involve handguns” (LaFollette, p. 194).  Gun control advocates are concerned that there is not enough being done to curb gun violence in our country.  According to U.S. News, “nearly one in four young people who come to an emergency room with an assault injury owns a gun, according to a new study published in the journal Pediatrics. And most of those guns – more than 80 percent – were not obtained legally” (Flock, 2013).  Something must be done – no one doubts that.

Conclusion

The debate over whether citizens can procure all types of guns and the one too many deaths of innocent children is not going away.  As leaders, it is our responsibility to facilitate constructive discussions by knowing the facts and understanding the laws.  Leaders—whether for or against guns—can acknowledge the legality and the morality of both sides.  By initiating discussion, leaders from both sides can be informed as our society moves forward toward a collaborative compromise beneficial to both sides.  At the end of the day, we hope to protect individual rights and save American lives.


Steve

References

Beck, G. (2013). Control: Exposing the truth about guns. New York, NY: Threshold Editions.
Canada, G. (2013). The effect of guns on children. The NY Times. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/01/06/what-the-fight-over-guns-is-really-about/the-availability-of-guns-affects-the-lives-of-children

Flock, E. (2013). Study: Nearly 25 Percent of Young Victims of Assault Own a Gun. Retrieved
 from http://www.usnews.com/topics/subjects/gun-control-and-gun-rights

Jefferson Monticello, The. (n.d.). Famous Quotations. Retrieved fromhttp://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/no-freeman-shall-be-debarred-use-arms-quotation

LaFollete, H. (2007). The practice of ethics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Mayors Against Illegal Guns. (2013). Poll: NRA Members Support Efforts to Fight Illegal Guns.
Retrieved from http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/federal/nra_member_poll.shtml

A634.7.4.RB_RuggerioSteven

CEO Ethics and Behaviors

The United States Air Force controls the skies.  Whether flying over the Middle East or in its own backyard, the aircraft deployed by the U.S. is unmatched in air superiority and maneuverability.  One of the key defense contractors responsible for their success is Lockheed Martin.  Holding the title as the largest defense contractor in the world, Lockheed has designed, built, and fielded a number of weapon systems used by nations all over the globe. 

I spent 20 years on active duty with the United States Air Force (USAF) and am now embedded with them as a Lockheed Martin (LM) employee supporting the F-22 Raptor.  As an Airman, I learned the importance of core values, ethical principles, and teamwork.  One of the great rewards of working for Lockheed Martin are the values I prided myself in while on active duty are now the same values espoused by Lockheed Martin.

In the USAF, we were taught, Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence In All We Do.  As a Lockheed employee, my new (similar) values are Do What’s Right, Respect Others, and Perform With Excellence.  Whether my business attire was USAF blue or LM gray, ethics and excellence undergird everything we did.  However, even a strong ethical culture cannot eliminate all indiscretions.  Therefore, there must be a system that both rewards positive ethical behavior and punishes individuals who violate the company’s ethical code of conduct.

The current CEO of Lockheed Martin, Marillyn Hewson said, “Lockheed Martin has always been a company driven by its values.  While we are known for breakthrough innovations and exceptional performance, we are defined by our commitment to ethics and integrity” (Lockheed Martin, 2013).  In Lockheed’s code of ethics, Hewson said, “Being honest and ethical in all our dealings builds trust and secures our future.  Acting with integrity is the responsibility of each Lockheed Martin employee, and it goes beyond simply complying with laws, rules, and regulations that govern our business.  It requires embracing our values in every decision we make and every action we take” (Lockheed Martin, 2013).

Employees have quit, retired, and been fired from Lockheed since their inception and short of an office party, a luncheon, or some cubicle gossip, much else isn’t said.  However, when an executive leader, the next CEO is asked to resign, it gets plenty of attention.  Christopher Kubasik, Lockheed’s chief operating officer was slated to become CEO on January 1, 2013.  However, he was asked to resign after the company discovered he was having an inappropriate relationship with a subordinate.  In short, Kubasik, who is married, was caught having an affair with a junior employee (Ratnam, 2012).

The Lockheed code of ethics states, “All employees are responsible for adherence to the standards of conduct set forth in this code.”  More specifically, the code has a section labeled: Avoid Personal and Organizational Conflicts of Interest.  Under the heading, it states, “You must avoid situations in which your personal interests might conflict with, or appear to conflict with the interest of Lockheed Martin.”  And for Kubasik, the real kicker was the following requirement: Examples of How a Personal Conflict of Interest Could Occur: Having a close, personal relationship with a subordinate employee (Lockheed Martin, 2013).  Kubasik was quoted as saying, “I regret that my conduct in this matter did not meet the standards to which I have always held myself” (Ratnam, 2012).

In Chuck Gallagher’s Unethical Continuum, Kubasik slid right past what’s good for the customer and the company, and camped out in the areas of policy violation and unethical behavior.  So far as we know, there was nothing illegal about Kubasik’s actions, but it most certainly proved unethical (Gallagher, 2013). 

While Kubasik provides a virtual buffet of water cooler gossip and unethical organizational behavior, his replacement, Marillyn Hewson shows great ethical vision.  One of the first initiatives of Hewson was renewing Lockheed’s commitment to sustainable business practices. 

In her message title, “Tomorrow Matters: Building a Sustainable Future,” she said, “Sustainability encompasses many activities that promote responsible growth, protects our environment, and strengthens our workforce and our communities.  It means that we will continue to act with integrity in everything we do, and we will take action to: ensure the safety and health of our employees, develop a diverse and inclusive workforce, increase the environmental and social benefits of our products, and make our operations greener, volunteer in our communities, and support science and technology education” (Hewson, 2013).

Hewson stresses ethics and integrity.  She leaves no stone unturned.  She discusses the environment, the people, the community, and the products.   One of the ways Hewson demonstrates Weinstein’s framework of ethics is her motivation for community involvement and volunteerism.  She recognizes, as Weinstein stated, “When you make people feel better, it makes you feel better” (Weinstein, 2012).

As an employee of Lockheed Martin, my hat is off to Ms. Hewson.  Her ability to step in and take the reigns of a company this size after the unethical fall of her predecessor shows great courage, deep leadership, and a vision for people and the product that isn’t easily attained.

Steve

References:

Gallagher, C. (2013). Business Ethics Keynote Speaker: Chuck Gallagher Shares Straight Talk

about Ethics. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUJ00vNGCPE

Hewson, M. (2013). CEO & President Marillyn Hewson Addresses 1Q Results. Retrieved from

            http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/employees/enr/0426-hewson.html

Lockheed Martin Corporation. (2013). Code of Ethics. Retrieved from

            http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/who-we-are/ethics/code-of-ethics.html

Ratnam, G. Lockheed’s Incoming CEO Kubasik Quits After Relationship. Bloomberg

Businessweek. Retrieved from

http://businessweek.com/printer/articles/361862?type=bloomberg

Weinstein, B. (2012). Keynote Speech Excerpts from The Ethics Guy. Retrieved from

            http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLxbHBpilJQ

A634.6.3.RB_RuggerioSteven

Virtues of Life

Walter Isaacson (2003), the author of Ben Franklin: An American Life said of Mr. Franklin, “He was a prophet of tolerance” (p. 93).  Over 223 years after Dr. Franklin’s death, tolerance still stands out as a trait few can master.  Franklin was a pragmatist.  Though he could philosophize with the best of the vocal orators, he was a man of action and relevance.  He sought wholeness and individual growth through virtuous acts.  Not overly religious, his faith was anchored in the thirteen virtues of his “moral perfections.”   As Isaacson (2003) said, “Franklin’s focus was on traits that could help him succeed in this world, instead of the ones that would exalt his soul for the hereafter” (p. 90).

Franklin’s 13 Virtues

Temperance – Silence – Order – Resolution – Frugality – Industry – Sincerity – Justice – Moderation – Cleanliness – Tranquility – Chastity – Humility

Each trait demonstrates a quality of self-control, assurance, faithfulness, and respect.  Before one can move forward and engage one, two, or all of these traits, they must be able to evaluate their present position.  Where do I stand in respect to each of these characteristics?  Strong in some and weak in others?  Steven Snyder (2013) in his book Leadership and the Art of Struggle said, “Being authentically self-aware and mindful of your feelings, emotions, and reactions can take many years of hard work as you peel back the layers of that unique person that you are.  It often takes that much time to learn how to grasp the power you have within you to be the very best you can be” (p. xiii).

I have little doubt that I have plenty of room for improvement in each of Franklin’s 13 virtues.  For the sake of brevity, I’ll limit it to the action steps I can take to improve in three areas: silence, frugality, and humility.

Silence

One of the best books I’ve ever read was Eric Metaxas’ Bonhoeffer.   Early in the book there was something written that I’ve never forgotten and have yet to command.  Metaxas (2010) spoke of young Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s upbringing and his father’s authority when he said, “Karl Bonhoeffer taught his children to speak only when they had something to say.  He did not tolerate sloppiness of expression any more than he tolerated self-pity or selfishness or boastful pride” (p. 15).

At nearly 600 pages, Bonhoeffer is one of the largest books I’ve ever read and yet two sentences written in the first handful of pages caught my attention.  There’s good reason for that: I talk too much.  Through conversations with my wife, my friends, and trusted mentors, I’ve learned to taper the number of my words and do more listening than talking.  In fact, there were actually times (and I use this regularly as an example) that as I am speaking, a voice in my head asks me, “when are you going to shut up?”  Seriously! I am telling myself to stop talking as I am talking!

Obviously, Ben Franklin is on to something. But, he’s not alone.  King Solomon said, “Watch your tongue and keep your mouth shut, and you will stay out of trouble” (Proverbs 21:23, NIV).  Though I’ve improved in this area and have become a much better listener, my life still consists of me doing more talking than listening.  Sometimes, as Snyder mentioned earlier, being mindful and self-aware can help me grasp the power to be the best version of me.  Today, it’s a little less talk and a lot more listening.  

Frugality

When I first read of Franklin’s virtues in October 2010 (I date all my books), frugality didn’t come to mind.  Two and a half years later as I read this assignment, frugality evaded my thoughts once again.  Then I took the virtues test and scored well.  However, though the test responded by stating, “You’ve made a good start on self-improvement” it also stated: You might want to think about how you approach: Frugality.  What?  Are you serious?  It finished with, “make a budget and try to stick to it.” Ouch.  Ten simple questions and I’ve been exposed.

Truth be told, I waste money and food.  And, I waste money on food.  As the money manager of our home, I’ve created several budgets.  I’ve told my wife and family numerous times, “A budget is only numbers on paper if it is not followed.”  In his best selling book The Total Money Makeover, Dave Ramsey (2003) said, “Change is painful.  Few people have the courage to seek out change.  Most people won’t change until the pain of where they are exceeds the pain of change” (p. 15).  Ramsey is referencing our budgets, saving, and spending habits.  Though I’ve also grown in this area, if I am honest with myself, I waste entirely too much money. 

My bank statement is riddled with Starbucks, Subway, Panera Bread, Chick-Fil-A, and a number of other restaurants.  To appease my guilt, I’ll rationalize with statements such as, “I don’t spend it on alcohol, cigarettes, golf, or anything else so if I want to go out to eat and drink Starbucks several times a week than it should be okay.”  Honestly, just writing that stung a little.

With that, change is coming.  Nearing 50 years old, I find myself disciplined with reading, school, work, and ministry activities.  I exercise and manage my attitude.  Yet, there is a weakness and frivolousness with spending and eating.  Franklin said, “Waste nothing.”  It’s time to reduce the waste and increase the wealth.

Humility

C.S. Lewis (1952) calls it “The great sin.”  He writes in Mere Christianity, “There is one vice of which no man in the world is free; which every one in the world loathes when he sees it in someone else: Pride” (p. 121).  The antithesis of humility.

In May of this year I read a book by Brad Lomenick called The Catalyst Leader. Lomenick (2013) discusses the three elements of principled leadership.  The first one he discusses: humility.  He writes, “Humble leaders are willing to pass on the credit but absorb the criticism, push others higher while making themselves lower, and put the desires of the team ahead of their own” (p. 127).  Uhh, yeah…about that…

If there is one quality that cannot be faked, fabricated, or found, it is humility.  This is a characteristic that is born from the death of hubris burned in the fire of circumstances.  You will not wake up humble.  You can’t get it by reading about it.  You can’t hope for it or beg for it.  I have found it only comes about by choosing to kill selfish pride and allow others to be noticed before me.  As I’ve said with the previous two virtues, I have improved in this area (or so I’ve been told).  Humility can never be professed; rather, it’s recognized.  So, if you have to say you’re humble; you’re not.

The best way to integrate additional measures of humility in my life is to talk about making right choices and looking for opportunities to let others grow and succeed as I remain in the background.  Humility is a paradox.  One chooses to be low and as a result is raised up.  Jesus said, “For those who exalt themselves will be humbled, and those who humble themselves will be exalted” (Matthew 23:12, NIV).

Interestingly, Ben Franklin originally only identified 12 virtues until a Quaker friend “kindly” informed him that he had left something off: Franklin was often guilty of “pride,” the friend said, citing many examples, and could be “overbearing and insolent.” So Franklin added “humility” to be the thirteenth virtue on his list” (Isaacson, 2003).

I’ve come to understand that one’s battle with pride is a lifelong struggle that never completely goes away.  But, with that said, I do believe it can be placed in-check and controlled like a prisoner sentenced to life.  Isaacson (2003) quotes Franklin referencing pride when he said, “There is perhaps no one of our natural passions so hard to subdue as pride; disguise it, struggle with it, beat it down, stifle it, mortify it as much as one pleases, it is still alive and will every now and then peep out and show itself” (p. 92).

Like silence and frugality, humility is best served when made self-aware.  Thinking and writing of these virtues is a great step toward improving them in my life.  Tomorrow I will listen more, spend less, and serve faithfully.  My goal is to help men and women achieve all they can be.  In the process, joy will be found by witenssing their success.

While I’ve got some work to do, it’s great to see how far I’ve come.  The fulfillment is not in the destination but rather in the journey.  I encourage everyone to pick three virtues they believe they can improve on and write out their thoughts on how to grow in those areas.  Simply thinking and writing has a tremendous impact.

Legacy knows when to keep silent, when to save, and always serves.

Steve

Reference:

Isaacson, W. (2003). Ben Franklin: An American Life. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Lewis, C.S. (1952). Mere Christianity. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins.

Lomenick, B. (2013). The catalyst leader. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson.

Metaxas, E. (2010). Bonhoeffer. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson.

Ramsey, D. (2003). The total money makeover. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson.

Snyder, S. (2013). Leadership and the art of struggle. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler

Publishers.